农地撂荒的成因及其治理策略

——基于“劳动力转移—耕地禀赋—农地撂荒”的分析线索

庄 健　罗必良

（华南农业大学）

内容提要：劳动力非农转移与农地撂荒之间的关系一直备受学界关注，但已有研究并未得出一致的结论。本文将耕地禀赋纳入分析视野，构建“劳动力转移—耕地禀赋—农地撂荒”的研究框架，使用2015—2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查（CRHPS）数据实证分析耕地禀赋在劳动力非农转移影响农地撂荒中的重要作用及其影响路径，并在此基础上寻求可能的治理策略。分析结果表明，农地撂荒具有耕地禀赋条件的情景依赖性。尽管劳动力非农转移对撂荒有着重要影响，但耕地禀赋发挥着关键性作用。机制分析结果表明，耕地禀赋主要通过影响农户在劳动供给约束时选择要素替代和农地经营权交易的可能性，进而影响农地撂荒。进一步分析发现，农地流转市场和农机服务市场可以避免禀赋较好的耕地发生撂荒，但在山区丘陵禀赋较差的情境下，其效果是有限的。如果农业要素市场与农田整治能够联动起来，则有助于缓解丘陵山区的撂荒问题。农地撂荒本质上是人地关系变化的结果，治理农地撂荒不应仅依赖农业要素市场，通过农田综合性整治改善耕地的立地条件可能是亟需优先考虑的重要议题。

关键词：农地撂荒；劳动力非农转移；耕地禀赋；治理策略

作者简介：庄健，华南农业大学国家农业制度与发展研究院博士研究生，广州，510642；罗必良，华南农业大学国家农业制度与发展研究院教授、博士生导师，通信作者。

基金项目：国家社会科学基金重大项目“保障我国粮食和重要农产品稳定安全供给的路径与政策研究”（23&ZD121）；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“非农转移、代际转换与农地撂荒发生机理研究”（72203064）

引用格式：庄健,罗必良.农地撂荒的成因及其治理策略——基于“劳动力转移—耕地禀赋—农地撂荒”的分析线索[J].经济与管理研究,2025,46(1):71-89.

Causes of Farmland Abandonment and Its Management Strategy

—Based on Framework of Labor Transfer-Farmland Endowment-Farmland Abandonment

ZHUANG Jian, LUO Biliang

(South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642)

Abstract: The relationship between non-agricultural labor transfer and farmland abandonment attracts academic attention, but existing studies have not reached consistent conclusions. This paper brings farmland endowment into the analysis and constructs a research framework of labor transfer-farmland endowment-farmland abandonment. It empirically analyzes the role of farmland endowment in the impact of non-agricultural labor transfer on farmland abandonment based on the data of the China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS) from 2015 to 2017, exploring potential management strategies.

The results show that farmland abandonment is situationally dependent on farmland endowment. Although non-agricultural labor transfer has an important impact on abandonment, farmland endowment plays a key role. Mechanism analysis shows that farmland endowment mainly affects farmland abandonment by influencing the possibility of farmers choosing factor substitution and farmland management rights transactions when labor supply is constrained. Furthermore, the farmland transfer market and agricultural machinery service market can prevent farmland abandonment with good endowments. This effect is limited in hilly and mountainous areas with poor endowments. However, if the agricultural factor market and farmland consolidation can be linked, it will help alleviate the abandonment in these areas. Therefore, farmland abandonment is essentially the result of changes in the relationship between farmer and land. Improving the site conditions of farmland through comprehensive land consolidation may be an important issue that needs urgent priority.

This paper puts forward the following policy recommendations. First, it is necessary to promote comprehensive farmland consolidation, prioritizing the enhancement of site conditions of farmland. For poor, fragmented, and remote farmland in hilly and mountainous areas, it should enhance the workability of soils through high-standard farmland construction and overall land consolidation, thereby reducing the risk of abandonment. Second, it should improve the agricultural factor market system. Enhancing the farmland transfer market and fostering new types of agricultural operators can promote large-scale operations. Meanwhile, developing the market for agricultural socialized services will facilitate the scaling of agricultural machinery and technical services, thereby enhancing the feasibility of factor substitution. Third, it should strengthen the linkage between the agricultural factor market and farmland consolidation, particularly in hilly and mountainous areas, and focus on policy support and resource integration to form a comprehensive management framework with participation from multiple stakeholders.

The possible marginal contributions are twofold. It focuses on the heterogeneity of farmland endowment and seeks a mechanically rational explanation for the inconsistency between the research conclusions of non-agricultural labor transfer and farmland abandonment. Furthermore, it discusses the limitations of agricultural factor market development in managing farmland abandonment, providing new possible strategies for alleviating the problem of farmland abandonment.

Keywords: farmland abandonment; non-agricultural labor transfer; farmland endowment; management strategy

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