数字经济如何影响就业选择？——基于工作动机的作用机制

吕康银　陈思　贾利雯

（东北师范大学经济与管理学院）

　　内容提要：基于2012—2018年中国综合社会调查（CGSS）与职业信息网络（O＊NET）工作动机的数据，本文运用双重固定效应模型，实证检验数字经济对个体非正规就业选择的影响及工作动机的作用机制。研究结果表明，数字经济发展会提高个体选择非正规就业的概率，且主要作用于非正规受雇群体；数字经济对非正规就业的作用效果因工作动机类型不同而存在差异，即数字经济能够促进支持自主型和关系自主型两类劳动者对非正规就业的选择，而自主成长型劳动者在数字经济推动下更偏好创业。异质性分析结果显示，对新生代、高学历和复合型工作技能的劳动者而言，在数字经济条件下工作动机对个体非正规就业偏好的作用效果更明显。本文从工作动机的视角重新审视和归纳数字经济相关非正规就业群体的新特征，为新就业形态从业者构建更具针对性的社会保障体系提供新思路。

　　关键词：数字经济；就业选择；非正规就业；工作动机；非正规受雇；非正规创业

　　作者简介：吕康银，东北师范大学经济与管理学院教授、博士生导师，长春，130117；陈思，东北师范大学经济与管理学院博士研究生，通信作者；贾利雯，东北师范大学经济与管理学院博士研究生。

　　基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目“新就业形态与劳动力市场转型——典型事实与作用机制”（71973022）

　　引用格式：吕康银,陈思,贾利雯.数字经济如何影响就业选择？——基于工作动机的作用机制[J].经济与管理研究,2023,44(12):24-43.DOI:10.13502/j.cnki.issn1000-7636.2023.12.002.

How does Digital Economy Affect Employment Choices? —Role of Work Motivation

LYU Kangyin, CHEN Si, JIA Liwen

(Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117)

　　Abstract: The digital economy leads to a new trend of flexible and diverse employment patterns, including informal employment as a significant mode of employment in China’s labor market. This paper empirically estimates the impact of the digital economy on informal employment choices，using a two-way fixed-effects model with non-agricultural workers aged 16-59 from the 2012-2018 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) and the matched data with the O＊NET Work Importance Locator (WIL) on work motivation. Furthermore, it employs latent class analysis (LCA) to classify different work motivations and explores which group of workers are more likely to engage in informal employment in the digital economy.

　　The findings reveal that the digital economy increases the probability of informal employment choices, especially for informal employees. The conclusion remains valid after endogeneity and robustness tests, such as applying conditional mixed process (CMP), modifying sample sizes, altering model settings, and replacing measures of the digital economy. The mechanism analysis shows that the effect of the digital economy on informal employment depends on the type of work motivations. The digital economy accentuates an inclination towards informal employment among workers with the motivation of supporting autonomy or relational autonomy. In contrast, autonomous workers prefer to be informal entrepreneurs. There are also differences in the impact of work motivation and the digital economy on informal employment choices, depending on factors such as birth cohort, education level, and skills. The findings of heterogeneity indicate that the new-generation, highly educated, and skilled workers are more inclined towards informal employment. In particular, informal entrepreneurship is more likely to involve workers with lower education or skills, as well as the older generation.

　　The possible marginal contributions are as follows. Firstly, this paper presents new empirical evidence for understanding the heterogeneity of informal employment in the digital economy era by analyzing the effect of the digital economy on informal employment preferences and the underlying mechanisms. Secondly, it connects work motivation in O＊NET with CGSS through occupational code-switching and applies LCA to classify them into distinct groups with work motivations. It is beneficial to identify the features of informal workers in the digital economy, and to understand how the digital economy impacts informal employment choices. Thirdly, it investigates the potential heterogeneity of the interaction between the digital economy and work motivations from the perspective of generation, education, and skills. The findings may provide valuable insights into how the digital economy enhances employment quality for different cohorts, and workers with different educational levels and occupational skills. Consequently, it provides new ideas for constructing more precise and effective social security policies for workers engaged in new forms of employment.

　　Keywords: digital economy; employment choice; informal employment; work motivation; informal employee; informal entrepreneur

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