对工作年龄段人群的保障：现状、效果及国际比较

甘 犁　王军辉　何 青

（西南财经大学）

内容提要：加强社会保障力度是实现共同富裕的重要途径。本文将保障对象区分为工作年龄段人群和退休年龄段人群，分析中国的保障制度和再分配效果，并与国际发展经验进行比较。由于工作年龄段人群兼具就业和人力资本投资双重特征，并且家庭人力资本投资存在劳动力收入与人力资本投资需求之间的时间错配，对于这类人群的保障可将保障目标从生活保障扩展到人力资本投资保障。中国社会保障体系着重于兜底保障和生命周期的消费平滑功能，如果要进一步扩大保障范围以提高再分配的力度，需要为工作年龄段人群提供更多保障性支付。对社会保障规模和再分配效果的分析及与国际发展经验比较发现，目前中国社会保障体系存在对工作年龄段人群保障规模和保障项目严重不足、再分配效应小、保障水平与家庭经济状况之间错配等问题。社会保障政策的改革重心是扩大对工作年龄段家庭的保障，综合考虑这类家庭的人力资本投资需求，在政策设计时要强调激励机制，避免福利依赖，提高社会保障的再分配效率。

关键词：社会保障；工作年龄段；激励机制；人力资本投资；再分配

作者简介：甘犁，西南财经大学经济与管理研究院教授、博士生导师，成都，610074；王军辉，西南财经大学中国家庭金融调查与研究中心讲师，通信作者；何青，西南财经大学中国家庭金融调查与研究中心副研究员。

基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目“近四十年香港劳动力市场和收入分配变化趋势研究”（72073108）；国家社会科学基金青年项目“兼顾帮扶和劳动激励的中国反贫困实地实验研究”（20CJL018）

引用格式：甘犁,王军辉,何青.对工作年龄段人群的保障:现状、效果及国际比较[J].经济与管理研究,2025,46(1):9-30.

Security for the Working-age Population: Current Status, Effectiveness, and International Comparison

GAN Li, WANG Junhui, HE Qing

(Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074)

Abstract: Enhancing the social security system is a critical pathway to achieving common prosperity. However, current research on social security in China may overlook the differences among the secured population. This paper examines China’s social security system and redistribution effects by categorizing the secured population into working-age and retirement-age groups, and compares them with international experience.

The paper posits that the working-age population, characterized by employment and human capital investment, faces significant market shocks to their employment and market income, encountering higher income risks. There is a temporal mismatch between labor income and the demand for human capital investment in family contexts. According to the Heckman Curve, the returns on human capital investment are higher in early childhood, indicating a greater demand for investment in the early stages of a child’s development. However, during this period, parents are also in the early stages of their career development, where employment quality and income levels are typically lower according to the age-wage profile. This leads to a period mismatch between parents’ income and their children’s human capital investment needs, which is one of the fundamental sources of security needs for the working-age population. Therefore, emphasizing the security of the working-age group can extend the goal from subsistence to human capital investment security. China’s current social security system focuses on basic security and consumption smoothing throughout the life cycle. To further expand the scope of security and increase the intensity of redistribution, it is necessary to provide working-age people with more protective payments and to include the investment in the human capital of families.

By categorizing the secured population into two groups, this paper analyzes China’s security system, scales, and redistribution effects and compares them with international experience. The findings reveal that China’s social security system currently exhibits insufficiencies in the security scale and items for the working-age population, weak redistribution effects, and a mismatch between the level of security and families’ economic status. These may lead to underinvestment in the human capital of families and weaken intergenerational mobility, hindering the achievement of the common prosperity goal both statically and dynamically.

This paper suggests that the reform of China’s social security policy should focus on expanding security for working-age families, increasing security items for the working-age population, and optimizing the institutional design of security items. Security policies should comprehensively consider the human capital investment needs of working-age families, emphasize incentive mechanisms, and improve targeting efficiency in policy design to avoid welfare dependency and enhance the redistribution efficiency of social security.

Keywords: social security; working-age population; incentive mechanism; human capital investment; redistribution

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