全球高技术发明人才地理：技术中心度与多中心外围式变迁

郑江淮¹章激扬²

（1. 南京大学长江三角洲经济社会发展研究中心/经济学院；2. 南京大学经济学院）

内容提要：本文通过研究1980—2015年发明人才跨国流动技术中心度变化趋势，揭示高技术行业创新地理演进特征。结果显示：（1）全球高技术行业发明人才在地理上呈现多中心集聚的发展态势，美国、德国和日本依然保持强劲竞争优势，中国在高技术领域逐步崛起。（2）在生物医药行业，美国是全球绝对领先者，以中国为技术中心的“中心—外围”结构尚不明显；在计算机行业，中美技术中心度差距要大于中美在高技术领域的整体差距。（3）行业创新能力越强，往往伴随着发明人才的“大进大出”；行业创新能力对技术中心度具有显著提升作用，但主要体现在中高收入国家和地区样本。（4）产业相对比较优势具有显著的正向调节效应，但技术相对比较优势调节效应尚不显著；全球技术中心对发明人才流动存在显著的正向作用。基于此，中国在全球发明人才战略布局上，对于面向未来和使命导向型的高技术创新领域，需通过产业竞争优势形成一批全球代表性的技术集群，广纳全球发明人才；同时，强调本地化激励，着重发挥本土高校、企业与科研院所之间的互动，强化三者的基础性研究投入。

关键词：发明人才；跨国流动；高技术行业；生物医药行业；计算机行业；技术中心度

作者简介：郑江淮，南京大学长江三角洲经济社会发展研究中心/经济学院教授、博士生导师，南京，210093；章激扬，南京大学经济学院博士研究生。

基金项目：国家社会科学基金重大项目“创新链与产业链耦合的关键核心技术实现机理与突破路径研究”（22&ZD093）；教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地武汉大学经济发展研究中心重大项目“基于中国实践的创新发展理论研究”；南京大学长江三角洲经济社会发展研究中心和中国特色社会主义经济建设协同创新中心联合专项重大研究课题“长三角实践创新中国发展经济学：从产业集群到技术集群”（CYD2022006）

引用格式：郑江淮,章激扬.全球高技术发明人才地理：技术中心度与多中心外围式变迁[J].经济与管理研究,2023,44(1):3-24.DOI:10.13502/j.cnki.issn1000-7636.2023.01.001.

　　

　　

Geography of Global High-tech Inventors: Technology Centrality and Polycentric Peripheral Change

ZHENG Jianghuai, ZHANG Jiyang

(Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093)

　　

　　Abstract: In the era of economic globalization, the competition for innovation among countries increasingly evolves into the competition for inventors in high-tech fields such as biomedicine and computing. Focusing on the innovation and development of representative countries and regions, this paper investigates the characteristics of transnational flows of inventors in high-tech industries, the agglomeration of the inventors and the changes of China's technology centrality in the global innovation geography.Based on the PageRank algorithm, this paper constructs a global inventor flow network to measure the agglomeration and dispersion ability of high-tech industries for inventors, using the two-way flow information at the national or regional industry level. Then, it compares the relative importance of high-tech industries in the transnational flow network of inventors.The main findings are as follows. Firstly, the inventors in global high-tech industries geographically present a trend of multi-center agglomeration. Specifically, the United States, Germany and Japan still maintain competitive advantages, and China gradually rises in the high-tech field. Secondly, in the biomedical industry, the center-periphery structure with China as the technology center is not fully revealed compared with the United States. Meanwhile, the gap in technology centrality in the computing industry is more significant than in the high-tech field. Thirdly, the stronger the industrial innovation ability, the faster the flow of inventors. Furthermore, the industrial innovation ability significantly affects technological centrality, but mainly in the sample of middle and high-income countries and regions. Fourthly, the regulatory effect is significantly positive in the relative comparative advantage of the industry, rather than that of technology. Whether it is a global technology center also has a significant positive effect on the flow of inventors.Therefore, it is necessary to send professional and skilled researchers abroad to learn advanced technologies and mature management experience, actively creating conditions for domestic scientific research cooperation. Meanwhile, focusing on introducing inventors, localization incentives should be emphasized more in developing new comparative advantages and attracting global inventors. Moreover, China should grasp the global inventor resources by strengthening the domestic market of highly skilled labor and adopting flexible wage clauses, thus forming representative technology agglomeration and boosting the development in the high-tech field.

　　Keywords: inventor; transnational flow; high-tech industry; biomedical industry; computing industry; technical centrality