工业机器人应用、偏向性技术进步与劳动力性别就业差距

孙早　宗睿

（西安交通大学）

内容提要：技术进步会影响劳动力性别就业差距，本文将工业机器人的偏向性技术进步特征纳入研究，估计了工业机器人应用对中国工业行业性别就业差距的效应。研究发现，机器人的应用增加了男性劳动力的就业数量，对女性劳动力的影响不明显，总体上扩大了性别就业差距。由于男性劳动力与工业机器人应用所需的技能禀赋、学历等具有更高的契合度，不仅技能劳动力占比与技能溢价的提升会扩大性别就业差距，工业机器人应用带来的劳动生产率、技术创新能力增长也会扩大性别就业差距。异质性分析结果表明，在高垄断程度、高资本密集度行业中，工业机器人对性别就业差距发挥扩大作用，但工业机器人对高技术行业的性别就业差距并无明显影响。本文结论的政策含义在于，应加大力度鼓励女性在学校教育阶段接受更多与机械、编程相关的理工科专业知识，积极引导企业开展与工业机器人应用相关的技能培训与转岗培训，提前布局女性劳动力向第三产业转移的相关补贴等政策，实现不同性别劳动力在工业机器人应用过程中的高质量协同发展。

关键词：工业机器人；技能溢价；性别就业差距；偏向性技术进步；劳动力

作者简介：孙早，西安交通大学经济与金融学院教授、博士生导师，西安，710061；宗睿，西安交通大学经济与金融学院博士研究生，通信作者。

基金项目：国家社会科学基金重点项目“人工智能发展对新时期中国就业的影响与应对政策研究”（20AJY006）；国家社会科学基金一般项目“数字化转型过程中收入不平等的形成机理及其经济增长效应研究”（23BJL139）

引用格式：孙早,宗睿.工业机器人应用、偏向性技术进步与劳动力性别就业差距[J].经济与管理研究,2025,46(10):91-109.

Industrial Robot Applications, Biased Technological Progress, and Gender Employment Gap

SUN Zao, ZONG Rui

(Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061)

Abstract: The new round of industrial revolution, with robots and intelligent technology as the core, has greatly improved the efficiency of enterprises in production integration, processing, and assembly, R&D, and design. This brings about a transformation of the industrial production process and innovation mode, profoundly impacting the labor structure. Clarifying the mechanism through which industrial robot applications affect the gender employment gap not only is conducive to stabilizing employment and ensuring people’s livelihood, but also provides valuable experience for the healthy development of the economic society and intelligent transformation.

Based on the logic of gender-based occupational segregation theory and considering the biased characteristics of technological progress in industrial robots, this paper examines the impact of industrial robots on the gender employment gap in industrial labor through the labor iteration effect, skill premium effect, technological innovation effect, and productivity effect. Based on robot data from the International Federation of Robotics and China’s industrial data, this paper reveals the internal logic of robots affecting the gender employment gap in industrial labor and provides industry-level evidence.

The results are threefold. (1) The application of robots can increase the employment of male labor, but has no significant impact on female labor, generally widening the gender employment gap in industrial labor. (2) As the male labor exhibits a closer alignment with skill endowments and educational requirements required by industrial robots applications, the gender employment gap is likely to widen due to the increase in the proportion of skilled labor and the skill premium, and the enhanced labor productivity and technological innovation capacity driven by industrial robots applications. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that in industries with high monopoly levels and high capital intensity, industrial robots can widen the gender employment gap, but no such effect is observed in high-tech industries.

This paper carries valuable policy implications. The government should actively promote the reform of the education system, encouraging and guiding women to acquire professional knowledge in science and engineering fields, particularly those related to machinery and programming, in school education. Enterprises should be encouraged to conduct skills training and job transfer training related to industrial robot applications. Additionally, policies such as subsidies for female labor to transition to the tertiary industry should be implemented in advance to expand employment opportunities for female labor. At the same time, the government should adopt policies based on industry endowments. In industries with high capital intensity and high monopoly levels, the government should reduce the possible additional costs of hiring women through employment subsidies, training subsidies, and other policy measures, so as to achieve high-quality collaborative development of male and female labor when adopting industrial robots.

Keywords: industrial robot; skill premium; gender employment gap; biased technological progress; labor

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